Doping control out of control
Arbitration waxingarbitraryQ7：WADA诉状逾期否？
上回说到，国际体育仲裁法庭(“CAS”)在仲裁过程中认定，世界反兴奋剂机构(“WADA”)并未逾期递交诉状。《36问》系列的第七问就来盘一盘：首先，细扣《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》(“FINA DC”)的法条来确认WADA的逾期递交；接着，对照FINA DC的版本迭代来验证正确解读；最后，挑破仲裁书中的李代桃僵来破解仲裁庭的指鹿为马。
2019.1.7，WADA收到FINA反兴奋剂委员会的裁定书。[3]
2019.2.22，仲裁庭给予WADA一次20天的延期。[4]
2019.4.3，WADA向CAS提交上诉状。[5]
下图左是WADA认为自己递交诉状没有逾期的计算方法。[6]CAS真是WADA的铁哥们，硬是把上诉时限撑过了一个季度。运动员方面主张，WADA和FINA作为特殊机构专享的21天不应该叠加成42天；所以，WADA递交诉状的期限应为2019年3月20日(见上图右)。[10]仲裁庭并不理会运动员的主张，坚持认定WADA的江湖地位比FINA要高出一头，自然可以在FINA的基础上再加21天。[11]
尽管有上述规定，WADA上诉时限应为以下较晚之日期：
被上诉案件中的任何一方上诉时限之后的21天；或
WADA获得案件完整资料后21天。
同样地，FINA上诉时限应为以下较晚之日期：
除WADA之外的任何一方的上诉时限之后的21天；或
也就是说，WADA上诉时限并非基于任何有权上诉方的上诉时限，而仅限于案件的当事方。本案的当事方只有FINA和运动员；中国反兴奋剂中心(“CHINADA”)虽为有权上诉方，却不是本案当事方，因此不应出现在WADA期限的计算中。减去这21天，WADA的诉状递交无论如何都是逾期了(见下图)。
有朋友也许会问，FINA有那么神叨叨吗？在上诉时限的规定中特意区分“案件当事方”和“有权上诉方”。其实，FINA DC自身的版本迭代就是个有力的证据。上面援引的是2019年的适用版本，再来看一下2021年的修订版(见下图)。
首先，新版FINA DC将“案件当事方”改成了“有权上诉方”；这说明规则制定者明确知道这两者是不同的概念，区分使用是有意的选择。其次，新版FINA DC统一了对FINA和WADA的规定文字，都指向“有权上诉方”；这也印证了在旧版中，以“同样地”一词引导的对FINA上诉时限的规定也指向“案件当事方”。看到这里，细心研究过CAS仲裁书的朋友一定会犯嘀咕：仲裁庭不是说本案的管辖法律是2021年版的FINA DC吗？那上面引用旧版本的法条岂不扯淡？对喽，这就是接下来要让大家见识的，道貌岸然的仲裁庭有多么心黑手辣。
CAS仲裁书中写道：本庭认为，鉴于2021年版的FINA DC的规则对运动员最为有利，罪刑从轻原则支持使用该版本；因此确认，本案的管辖法律为2021年版的FINA DC。[12]所谓“罪刑从轻”是欧洲各国普遍使用的一个刑法原则。《瑞士刑法典》第2条规定：如果犯罪行为发生在本法生效前，但在本法生效后才进行审理，且本法相应的定罪量刑较轻，则应适用本法。[13]乍一看，仲裁庭运用罪刑从轻原则，适用新版FINA DC是为了运动员好，因为新版规则的禁赛处罚条款更为宽松。[14]然而，仲裁庭在该原则的应用上犯了大错：即罪刑从轻原则仅适用于定罪和量刑，但不适用于程序规则。下面是瑞士联邦高院在审理一件CAS仲裁案中阐述的判决理由(见下图)。[15]
仲裁庭为啥要顶着原则性错误适用2021年版的FINA DC呢？因为新版规则中，WADA上诉时限是以“有权上诉人”的期限为基础的；这样CHINADA的21天就可以计算进去，那么WADA在4月3日递交诉状就不算逾期了。FINA DC好端端的干嘛要修订上诉时限条款呢？因为WADA在修订新版《世界反兴奋剂条例》(“WADA Code”)时，将上诉时限条款中的“案件当事方”改成了“有权上诉方”；然后，通过2020年6月下发的《国际体育组织2021年规则模板》，要求FINA依样画葫芦，也将“案件当事方”改成“有权上诉方”(见下图)。[16]
WADA在2019年修订WADA Code时并没有大动作，为何突然在2020年紧锣密鼓地调整文字呢？估计是在首轮仲裁结束后意识到，如果按照旧版FINA DC的规定，以“案件当事方”的上诉时限作为计算基础，诉状递交必然逾期；因此，WADA及时促成FINA修订新规，CAS乱用罪刑从轻原则，上下其手以应对运动员方面在期限计算上的发难。
纯洁森破的朋友也许还会质疑：小人之心了吧，并没有在仲裁书中读到运动员方面主张期限计算应基于“案件当事方”的上诉时限啊。呵呵，CAS/WADA之流绝非君子；仲裁书里又何尝提及【FINA的ADAMS授权书】和【IDTM的法律报告】呢？仲裁庭的这番操作，手段高明之余，还有恃无恐；因为根深叶茂的WADA在庙堂之上还有盟军。瑞士联邦高院一直负责本案的法官Kiss女士，早就在一系列中间诉请的判决书中埋下了伏笔：上诉时限只是受理条件，不涉及管辖权。换言之，即便仲裁庭期限算错了，终裁诉请时法庭也无权过问。【未完待续】
失信的仲裁 | 36问-Q6：聊聊三次中间诉请
失信的仲裁 | 36问-Q4：IDTM法律报告呢
失信的仲裁 | 36问-引子：不破不立
[1] CAS Code of Sport-related Arbitration (2019), R51 Appeal Brief, “Within ten days following the expiry ofthe time limit for the appeal, the Appellant shall file with the CAS Court Office a brief stating the facts and legal arguments giving rise to the appeal, together with all exhibits and specification of other evidence upon which it intends to rely.”
[2] FINA Doping Control Rules (2017), DC 13.7.1 Appeal to CAS, “The deadline to file an appeal to CAS shall be twenty-one (21) days from the date of receipt of the decision by the appealing party…The above notwithstanding, the filingdeadline for an appeal filed by WADA shall be the…[t]wenty-one (21) days after the last day on which any other party in the case could have appealed…Similarly, the filing deadline for an appeal by FINA shall be…[t]wenty-one (21) days after the last day on which any other party (except WADA) could have appealed before CAS…”[3] CAS Award II, 2019/A/6148, 22 June 2021, para. 184, “On 7 January 2019, the FINA Doping Panel decision was transmitted to WADA.”[4] Id., para. 154, “WADA also received a 20-day extension of the usual time limit in a letter from the CAS on 22 February 2019.”[5] Id., para. 168, “WADA submits that its Appeal Brief, filed on 3 April 2019, was timely.”[6] Id., para. 174, “Accordingly, the deadline for filing WADA’s Appeal Brief is calculated as: 7 January 2019 (transmittal of decision) + 21 days (other parties’ deadline) + 21 days (FINA’s deadline) + 21 days (WADA’s deadline, ordinarily) + 20 days (CAS extension) = 10 April 2019.”[7] CAS Code of Sport-related Arbitration (2019), R49 Time limit for Appeal, “In the absence of a time limit set in the statutes or regulations of the federation, association or sports-related body concerned, or in a previous agreement, the time limit for appeal shall be twenty-one days from the receipt of the decision appealed against.”[8] Swiss Private International Law Act (2021), art. 190(4), “The time limit for the challenge is 30 days from the notification of the award.”[9] Swiss Civil Procedure Code (2018), art. 311 Filing of appeal, “The appeal must be filed in writing and with a statement of the grounds with the appellate court within 30 days of service of a decision…”[10] CAS Award II, para. 157, “The alternative deadline is calculated as follows: 7 January 2019 + 21 days (other parties’ deadline) + 21 days (FINA and WADA deadlines) + 10 days + 20 days = 20 March 2019.”[11] Id., para. 188, “Had the drafters of the FINA DC intended to impose the same deadline on WADA and FINA alike – something which, WADA has argued, would have violated FINA’s obligations to craft its rules consistent with the World Anti-Doping Code – then there would have been no need to separate out FINA’s and WADA’s deadlines into two independent subsections of the rules.” See also, Id., para. 190, “The positions of FINA and WADA are indeed ‘similar’ – they both enjoy more time than other parties, such as the China Anti-Doping Agency – but their positions are not identical. Under the rules, FINA can appeal after the expiry of the deadline for appeal by any other party, except WADA. WADA, in contrast, can appeal after any other party – including FINA.”[12] CAS Award II,para. 211, “In the Panel’s view, the 2021 FINA DC constitute the more favorable set of rules, and the principle of lex mitior therefore supports their application. Accordingly, the FINA DC (2021 edition) and the ISTI (2017 edition) govern…”[13] Swiss Criminal Code (2020), art. 2, “Any person who commits a felony or misdemeanour prior to this Code coming into force is only subject to its terms in the event that the penalty hereunder is reduced than the penalty that would otherwise apply.”[14] FINA Doping Control Rules (2021), DC 10.3.1, “…in all other cases, if the Athlete or other Person can establish exceptional circumstances that justify a reduction of the period of Ineligibility, the period of Ineligibility shall be in a range from two (2) years to four (4) years depending on the Athlete or other Person’s degree of Fault…”[15] 4A_620/2009, 7 May 2010, para. 4.3.2.[16] 2021 Model Rules for International Federations, June 2020 v. 2.0, art. 13.6.1, “The above notwithstanding, the filing deadline for an appeal filed by WADA shall be the later of: (a)Twenty-one (21) days after the last day on which any other party having a rightto appeal could have appealed…” See also, Id., p. 2, “The attention of each International Federation is drawn to the clauses in these Model Rules which must, in all circumstances, be reproduced without substantive change in the International Federation’s Anti-Doping Rules. Such clauses, which are specified in Article 23.2.2 of the Code, are highlighted in yellow in the text of the Model Rules.”